AP Biology Outline for Embryology
      
      EMBRYOLOGY: STARFISH, FROG, CHICK, MAMMAL
     A. FERTILIZATION
     B. CLEAVAGE, GASTRULATION, GERM LAYERS AND THEIR 
          DERIVATIVES
     C. INDUCTION, DETERMINATION, AND DIFFERENTIATION
         
Essay Questions
  
  1961:
     A.   Name and describe the origin, function, and mechanism of operation of the 
          four extraembryonic membranes of a bird. 
          (Labeled diagrams may be used as aids in explanation.)
     B.   For three of these membranes of a bird briefly describe one variation in 
          either development or function in a mammal, such as a human.
  1966:
     In vertebrates, changes in the mechanisms of fertilization and embryonic 
     development have been of adaptive value. Compare these mechanisms and 
     indicate their contribution to the evolutionary success of the following animals:
         A.    fish
         B.    amphibian
         C.    bird
         D.    mammal  
  1976:
     During development in multicellular organisms, the cells become different from 
     one another, even though they possess a common genetic heritage. Describe 
     experiments in several organisms which explore the problem of differentiation 
     at the gene level, the cell level, or the tissue level, and discuss how these 
     experiments have aided our understanding of development.
  1988:
     Discuss the processes of cleavage, gastrulation, and neurulation in the frog 
     embryo; tell what each process accomplishes. Describe an experiment that 
     illustrates the importance of induction in development.