AP Biology Outline for Human Reproduction

     HUMAN REPRODUCTION:
     A. GAMETOGENESIS
     B. MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY &            
         PHYSIOLOGY
     C. PREGNANCY AND PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
     D. BIOMEDICAL ADVANCES
  
Essay Questions
  
  1961:
     A.   Name and describe the origin, function, and mechanism of operation of the 
          four extraembryonic membranes of a bird. (Labeled diagrams may be used 
          as aids in explanation.)
     B.   For three of these membranes of a bird briefly describe one variation in 
          either development or function in a mammal, such as a human.
  1966:
     In vertebrates, changes in the mechanisms of fertilization and embryonic 
     development have been of adaptive value. Compare these mechanisms and 
     indicate their contribution to the evolutionary success of the following animals:
         A.    fish
         B.    amphibian
         C.    bird
         D.    mammal
  1974:
     Compare and contrast the origin and maturation of the male and female 
     gametes in a flowering plant and in a mammal.
  1979:
     Describe the role of the hypothalamus, the pituitary hormones, and the ovarian 
     hormones in the regulation of the human menstrual cycle. Include in your 
     discussion the concept of feedback control and the way in which fertilization of 
     the egg alters the menstrual cycle.
  1989:
     Describe negative and positive feedback loops, and discuss how feedback 
     mechanisms regulate each of the following:
         A.    The menstrual cycle in a nonpregnant human female
         B.    Blood glucose levels in humans