HUMAN SYSTEMS QUESTION 1983           L. PETERSON/AP BIOLOGY
    
      Describe the structure of a mammalian respiratory system. Include in your
	discussion the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration.

  
  
  STANDARDS:
     21 points possible - max. = 15 
     [must include description &/or function to get point]
  
  DESCRIPTION - STRUCTURE
  1 - Nasal Chambers - hard/soft palate, cilia, mucous membranes
         Sinuses - air spaces, sensory receptors
  1 - Pharynx - eustachian tube, tonsils
  1 - Larynx - vocal cords, epiglottis
  1 - Trachea - cartilaginous rings
  1 - Bronchial tree - bronchioles
  1 - Lungs - pleural membranes
  1 - Alveoli - site of gas exchange, thin-walled
  1 or 2:
  2 - Sequential Listing of 5 or more portions of system
  1 - Incorrect sequence or less than 5 organs
  
  MECHANISMS - INSPIRATION
  1 - Diaphragm - contraction, goes down
  1 - Intercostal muscles
  1 - Thoracic cage - outward and upward
  1 - Negative pressure (Concept)
  
  MECHANISMS - EXPIRATION
  1 - Passive recoil (Concept)
  1 - Thoracic and abdominal muscles
  1 - Thoracic cage - downward and inward
  1 - Diaphragm - goes upward
  
  NEURAL CONTROL
  1 - Medulla
  1 - Inspiratory center
  1 - Expiratory neuron, inhibition
  1 - pH