BEHAVIOR QUESTION: 1985			L PETERSON/AP BIOLOGY

  	Describe releasers, imprinting, and communication, as each of these terms relates to
  	animal behavior. You may include in your answer a discussion of the classical studies 
	of Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz, and Karl vonFrisch.

  
   STANDARDS: 
    maximum of 7 for sections on releasers and imprinting;
    maximum of 8 for section on communication;
  
  RELEASERS: 3 points for definition, if correct and complete
                2 points for example of relationship to animal behavior
                4  points (max) for Tinbergen                    (max 7)
    RELEASERS = sign stimuli  >  behavioral response {innate/stereotyped}
           (environmental)   (fixed action pattern)
    RELATIONSHIP TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (OTHERS MAY BE GIVEN):
    1) TINBERGEN (3-spined stickle-back) red belly > aggressive behavior
     a. red (color)
     b. underbelly
     c. male aggressive
     d. models      
    2) pheromones (chemical) > mate attraction
    3) male Aedes - tuning fork > attract female
    4) urine in dogs > avoidance of territory
    5) female digger wasp behavior must run course once triggered
    6) European red robin breast > aggressive behavior
    7) black gulls > white egg shell pieces . egg shell removal
    8) bowerbirds - red pebbles, berries > attract female to nest
    9) Herring gull - red spot on beak > infant feeding response
  10) ants > chemicals > trails
  
  IMPRINTING:  3 points for definition
                   2 points for example of relationship to animal behavior
                   4 points (Max) for Lorenz                     (max 7)
    DEFINITION (in examples)
    RELATIONSHIP TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR:
    1) LORENZ - Ducks & geese
     a. critical period
     b. long lasting
     c. influence mate selection
     d. inheritance influences critical period
     e. imprint on non-species
    2) human (18 months to 3 years) > affect adult behavior
    3) young male zebra finch courts female bengalese finch if raised by them
  
  COMMUNICATION:  3 points for definition
                   2 points for example of relationship to animal behavior
                   4 points (Max) for VonFrisch             (max 8)
    DEFINITION (in examples)
    RELATIONSHIP TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR:
    1) SOUND - moths, bats, arthropods
     a. calling (male and female)
     b. aggressive (male)
     c. alarm (male and female)
    2) CHEMICAL  (pheromones) - gypsy moth
    3) VISUAL DISPLAY - arched backs, puffing up, mating
    4) NON-AGGRESSIVE / NON-SEXUAL {VON FRISCH - Bees....}
     a. dance
          round  - food nearby
          waggle - food at a distance; angle corresponds to distance
     b. straight portion > to food
     c. distance and direction
     d. sound, # turns > distance
     e. speed of dance > relative distance