HUMAN SYSTEMS QUESTION 1985           L. PETERSON/AP BIOLOGY
      
      Describe the anatomical and functional similarities and differences within 
	each of the following pairs of structures.
	a.  Artery..vein
	b.  Small intestine..colon
	c.  Skeletal muscle..cardiac muscle
	d.  Anterior pituitary..posterior pituitary

  
  STANDARDS:
     15 point maximum - must answer all four parts for 15
  
  A.  ARTERY-VEIN                  (7 points possible - 4 points maximum)
  1 - Wall thickness or lumen - relate to blood pressure
  1 - 3 layers identify or elaborate
  1 - Valves in veins - function
  1 - Direction of flow
  1 - O2/CO2 concentration - mention of pulmonary circulation
  1 - Capillary relationship - hydrostatic or osmotic pressure
  1 - Pulsating/elasticity - explanation of pressure
  
  B.  SMALL INTESTINE-COLON        (8 points possible - 4 points maximum)
  1 - Villi - function - increase in absorption
  1 - Length - diameter - size comparison or elaboration
  1 - Glands of intestine - Digestive vs. mucous
  1 - Regions - elaboration
  1 - Smooth muscle - peristalsis
  1 - Three tissue layers - elaboration
  1 - Absorption - food materials, water, salts, mention of surface area
  1 - Flora - comparison/explanation 
  
  C.  SKELETAL-CARDIAC MUSCLE (7 points possible - 4 points maximum)
  1 - Location - explanation
  1 - Nervous control - voluntary/involuntary
  2 - Appearance - Similarities  ex. striations / actin-myosin, etc.
               Differences   ex. discs / branching, etc.
  3 - Physiology (Comparisons)  ex. contraction / refraction / ions / specific nerves / 
         nodes, etc.
  
  D.  ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR PITUITARY (8 points possible - 4 points maximum)
  1 - Origin - mouth - brain  
  1 - Location - hypothalamus - connection to brain
  1 - Control - anterior/hormonal; posterior/nervous
  2 - Hormones (list and explain 2 or more) 
      6 anterior: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, somatotropin, prolactin
      2 posterior: ADH, oxytocin
  1- Anterior production / Posterior storage
  1- Endocrine - elaboration or definition
  1- Feedback mechanism