EVOLUTION QUESTION 1992:			L.PETERSON/AP BIOLOGY
	Evolution is one of the unifying concepts of modern biology. 

	a.  Explain the mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change. 

	b.  Describe how scientists use each of the following as evidence for evolution.
		(1)   Bacterial resistance to antibiotics
		(2)   Comparative biochemistry
		(3)   The fossil record

  
  
  STANDARDS:
  A.  (Max 7 points) Explain the mechanisms that lead to evolutionary 
       change.
     The Big Picture:
     (1 point for any of the following)
  __ Punctuated Equilibrium, mass extinction, etc.
  __ Definition of Evolution - change through time
  __ Mutation - change in genes yields genetic variation
  __      Natural selection / selective pressure (Darwin)
          Genetic variation exists
          Over production
          Competition - survival of the fittest (Best genes)
          Survivors reproduce (Best genes to offspring)
  __ Adaptive/non-adaptive nature of variation
  
     Specific Mechanisms:
     (1 point, no elaboration / 1 point - elaboration of mechanisms)
     Population level mechanisms:
  __ Genetic drift/change in allele frequencies in small population
  __ Founder effect/bottleneck
  __ Migration/gene flow in populations
  __ Non-random mating/inbreeding
  __ Hardy-Weinberg disruption leads to evolution
  __ Speciation: prezygotic/postzygotic isolating mechanisms
  __ Examples: seasonal/behavioral/temporal
  __ Chromosomal abnormalities/polyploidy/change in chromosome number
  __ Development of genetic variation through: recombination/cross-over/
     independent assortment/meiosis
  
  B.  (Max 6 points) 
       Describe how scientists use each of the following as evidence for 
       evolution:
       (1)  Bacterial resistance to antibiotics (max 2 points)
  __ Genetic variation/mutants
  __ Selection for resistance
  __ Survival to reproduce
  __ Transduction/transformation/"sex" reproduction/DNA plasmid transfer
 
       (2)  Comparative biochemistry (max 2 points)
  __ Common biochemical pathways (as evidence for evolution)
  __ Respiration Examples: electron flow, proton pump, chemiosmosis, Krebs cycle
  __ ATP, etc.
  __ Photosynthesis - light reactions, Calvin cycle
  __ Proteins - Examples: Amino acid sequence, isoenzymes, cyctochrome C,
                        hemoglobin (addn'l point for elaboration), insulin
  __ Cell Structure based on similarity in molecular composition
  
       (3)  The fossil record (max 2 points)
  __ Stratification of fossils as evidence of change
  __ Examples with description of change:   (2 points possible)
        Humans, Horses, Vascular Plants, Shellfish
  __ Limb Homology
  __ Elaboration of example
  __ Chronology - radioactive dating
  __ Cladistics/phenology
  __ Extinction of Species