CONCEPT QUESTION 1992:					L. PETERSON/AP BIOLOGY
	Survival depends on the ability of an organism to respond to changes in its 
	environment. Some plants flower in response to changes in day length. Some
	mammals may run or fight when frightened. For both of these examples,
	describe the physiological mechanisms involved in the response.
  
  
  
     FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
  
  ADAPTIVE
  
  __ Turn on needed systems - turn off those not needed; 
     Understanding of Acute vs Chronic response - above and beyond statements in 
     question.
  
  MECHANISM
  
  __ Description of nerve pathway - (sensory-associative-motor)
  __ Sympathetic nervous system (autonomic) - activation
  __ Sympathetic system innervates adrenal medulla
  __ Inhibition of parasympathetic by sympathetic
  __ Parasympathetic - counters sympathetic, return to normal homeostasis;
       acetylcholine = neurotransmitter
  __ Epinephrine - adrenalin (cause and effect)
  __ Norepinephrine - noradrenalin (cause and effect)
  __ Source - Adrenalin from adrenal medulla (gland)
  __ Source - Noradrenalin from adrenal medulla and/or sympathetic nerve endings
  __ Receptor molecules on cell membranes
  __ Use of cAMP (second messenger) to elicit intracellular response
  __ Brief vs. sustained - contrasted (initial = sympathetic vs long = adrenal)
  __ Chemical structure of adrenalin/noradrenalin
  
  EFFECT
  
  2 MAX - target tissues and effects
  __ a.  pupillary muscles of eye - dilates pupils
  __ b.  inhibits salivation
  __ c.  bronchi of lungs - relaxes
  __ d.  increases respiratory rate
  __ e.  heart muscle - accelerates pulse, strengthens contraction
  __ f.  piloerection - muscles attached to hair follicles
  __ g.  liver - breaks down glycogen - stimulates release of glucose
  __ h.  digestive tract - decreases digestive activities - peristalsis
  __ i.  stomach, small intestine, pancreas - inhibits secretion of digestive enzymes
  __ j.  stimulates release of fatty acids from fat cells
  __ k.  peripheral circulation - vessels constrict
  __ l.  inhibit sex structures
  __       m. relax bladder - bowels
  __       n.  decreased sensation of pain
  __ o. "superhuman"
  
  MAXIMUM - 7 points for this section